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INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL № 6 / 2016
4
THE MAIN THEME OF THE MAGAZINE
УДК 339.923
Чаба Чаки,
почетный профессор университета Корвинуса в Будапеште,
член редакционного совета «Международного сельскохозяйственного журнала»,
Аттила Ямбор,
профессор университета Корвинуса в Будапеште, Венгрия
Csaba Csaki is professor emeritus and Attila Jambor is associate professor at Corvinus university of Budapest, Hungary
10 ËÅÒ ×ËÅÍÑÒÂÀ  ÅÑ Â ÑÅËÜÑÊÎÌ ÕÎÇßÉÑÒÂÅ:
ÓÐÎÊÈ ÍÎÂÛÕ ×ËÅÍΠÅÂÐÎÏÅÉÑÊÎÃÎ ÑÎÞÇÀ
10 YEARS OF EU MEMBERSHIP IN AGRICULTURE:
LESSONS FROM THE NEW MEMBER STATES
В 2004 и 2007 гг. 12 стран Центральной и Восточной Европы присоединились к Европейскому союзу, благодаря чему процесс перехода от бывшей социалистиче-
ской системы к рыночной форме хозяйства формально подошел к концу. Несмотря на длительную подготовку стран, вступление в Европейский союз было как шаг
в неизвестную территорию. Ожидаемые последствия расширения в сельском хозяйстве в 15 странах ЕС и в странах-кандидатах были одной из самых обсуждае-
мых тем. Десятая годовщина присоединения — это хорошая возможность для анализа и оценки развития сельского хозяйства новых государств-членов ЕС в свете
последних имеющихся данных. Результаты исследования свидетельствуют о том, что Польша и страны Балтии могут рассматриваться как лидеры вступления
в ЕС в сельском хозяйстве, в то время как Румыния, Болгария и Словения использовали свой потенциал в наименьшей степени. Результаты также показывают,
что сосредоточение на высокой добавленной стоимости сельскохозяйственной продукцией оказалось хорошей стратегией для достижения развития в аграрной
сфере, а те страны, которые были сосредоточены на производстве аграрно-продовольственного сырья, оказались отстающими. Эти результаты могут также быть
полезными и для других стран, испытывающих аналогичные проблемы интеграции, как и новые государства-члены Европейского союза.
S u m m a r y
In 2004 and 2007, 12 countries of Central and Eastern Europe acceded to the European Union, by which the transiƟon process from the former socialist system to a market
based agriculture formally came to an end. Despite the long-lasƟng preparaƟons of countries, accession to the European Union was somehow a step into unknown territory. The
expected impacts of enlargement in agriculture both in EU15 and in the candidate countries have been one of the most debated areas. The tenth anniversary of accession is a
good opportunity for stocktaking and assessing the agricultural developments of the New Member States (NMS) in light of the latest data available. Results suggest that Poland
and the BalƟc countries can be treated as the winners of EU accession in agriculture, while Romania, Bulgaria and Slovenia proved to have used their potenƟals to the least.
Results also suggest that focusing on high value added agri-food products proved to be a good strategy to reach development in the agriculture sector, while those countries
concentraƟng on the producƟon of agri-food raw materials turned out to be lagged behind. These results might also be useful for other countries experiencing similar integra-
Ɵon issues like the NMS.
Ключевые слова: членство в ЕС, сельское хозяйство, эффективность, новые государства-члены.
Keywords: EU membership, agriculture, efficiency, new member states.
1. Introduction
In 2004 and 2007, 12 countries of Central and
Eastern Europe acceded to the European Union, by
which the transition process from the former social-
ist system to a market based agriculture formally
came to an end. Despite the long-lasting prepara-
tions of countries, accession to the European Union
was somehow a step into unknown territory.The ex-
pected impacts of enlargement in agriculture both
in EU15 and in the candidate countries have been
one of the most debated areas. The tenth anniversa-
ry provides a good opportunity for stock taking and
analysing the winners of accession in the agricul-
tural sector during the previous decade. Despite the
apparent importance of the topic, there is a limited
number of research dealing with the impacts of EU
accession on NMS agricultural sector and even less
on quantifying these effects. Which countries used
the possibilities provided by the common market to
the most? Which countries lacked behind? What are
the reasons behind these changes? These are the
questions the article aims to answer.
In order to achieve its aim, the paper is struc-
tured as follows. Section 2 presents a brief literature
review on the topic, while Section 3 summarizes
the method used for conducting the analyses. Sec-
tion 4 analyses changes in agricultural performance
and identify the winners of accession, while Section
5 seeks to identify some reasons behind different
performances, while the last section concludes.
2. Literature review
Research on the lessons of EU accession on
New Member States’ agriculture is a relatively new
but expanding field in the literature. Many books
around the millennium have quantitatively estimat-
ed the impact of EU enlargement in agriculture on
EU expenditures, on agricultural protection levels,
on commodity markets and trade (see e.g. Tanger-
mann and Banse 2000, Hartell and Swinnen 2000).
Hertel et al. (1997) were among the first to con-
duct a sectoral and economy-wide analysis of inte-
grating NMS into the EU by using the GTAP model
and found that accession would result in very sub-
stantial increases of both crop and livestock produc-
tion in the NMS, while net budgetary consequenc-
es of integration for agricultural expenditure would
be quite modest. Bchir et al. (2003) investigated the
impact of EU enlargement on Member States with a
CGE approach and analysed three scenarios. On the
whole, they provisioned that EU accession would
provoke huge swings on relative prices and big
fluctuation in the real exchange rate, raising serious
concerns for agriculture. They also forecasted that
the impact of accession on EU15 members would
be negligible, whereas NMS would face huge and
not always beneficial consequences.
A few years after accession, Gorton et al. (2006)
analysed the international competitiveness of
Hungarian agriculture by calculating domestic re-
source cost (DRC) ratios and making estimations
for 2007 and 2013. They projected that EU enlarge-
ment will have a negative impact on the interna-
tional competitiveness of Hungarian agriculture by
increasing land and labour prices. Similar estima-
tions were conducted by Erjavec (2006), forecasting
that the newly accessed countries will gain from
higher prices and budgetary support, indicating
real improvements in most agricultural sectors on
recent production levels. Ivanova et al. (2007) ana-
lysed Bulgarian agriculture following EU accession
by the AGMEMOD model and found that accession
would have a very positive effect on the crop sector
in Bulgaria, whereas the effect is the opposite on
the livestock sector.
A large amount of literature is also dedicated
to the analysis of trade impacts after 2004. Bojnec
and Fertő (2008) analysed the agri-food trade com-
petitiveness with the EU-15 of the newly accessed
Member States and concluded that trade has in-
creased as a result of enlargement, though there
have been ‘catching-up’ difficulties for some coun-
tries in terms of price and quality competition,
more so in higher value-added processed products.
Artan and Lubos (2011) analysed the agrarian trade
transformation in the Visegrad Countries and found
that the value and volume of export and import op-
erations increased significantly. Ambroziak (2012)
investigated the relationship between FDI and in-
tra-industry trade (IIT) in the Visegrad countries
and found that FDI stimulated not only vertical IIT
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