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scientifically based contacts. In the late 19th century the

Hungarian varieties Tiszavideki and Banatka were widely grown

in Southern Russia, especially in the Kuban region, but also

in the Northern Caucasus. According to data reported by

Jakubcziner, the landraces/local varieties? Banatka Korkhova,

Banatka Parkhomovskaya, Banatka Podolskaya, Banatka

Hersonskaya and Banatka Kakhovskaya were developed from

Banatka by individual selection. The varieties Ukrainka,

S tepnyachka, Zemka, Durable, Moskovskaya 2411,

Stavropolskaya 328, Triumph Podoli and Yubileinaya were also

selected from Banatka. In many of his works Vavilov

emphasised the importance of Hungarian wheats in breeding.

He reported that the varieties Ulyanovka, Bashkirskaya 712,

Golubaya and Erythrospermum 929 were derived from the

Hungarian landrace Tiszavideki. In their time these varieties

were grown on considerable areas and were also used as basic

breeding stock. Lukyanenko made use of Banatka on many

occasions, and this variety was a distant ancestor of Bezostaya

, Bezostaya 4, Kavkaz and Avrora.

Just as in the earlier period landraces from Hungary spread

to Russia and the Ukraine and became incorporated in local

varieties and cultivars, so the wheat varieties bred by

Lukyanenko were first grown in Hungary and then used in

the Martonvasar breeding programme. In the late fifties, with

the introduction of mechanical harvesting and improvements

in nutrient supplies, the need arose in Hungarian wheat

production for up-to-date, lodging-resistant varieties with high

yields, good milling and baking quality, good biotic and abiotic

resistance, and broad adaptability. A change of variety became

the key question in the complex development of wheat

production. The introduction of Bezostaya 1, Bezostaya 4 and

Skorospelka 3/b in the early sixties led to a breakthrough

which, together with improvements in other production factors,

.increased the national yield average from 1.48 t/ha in the

fifties to 2.17 t/ha by 1965.

Role o f Lukyanenko in Hungarian wheat production.

The

spread of wheat varieties bred by Lukyanenko in Hungary

and the average yields achieved in Hungary are illustrated in

Table 1. It is clear from the data that Bezostaya 1very quickly

became dominant in Hungarian wheat production. Its rapid

spread was promoted by the very cold winters experienced in

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