ЭлБиб

Научный журнал Российского НИИ проблем мелиорации, № 2(14), 2014 г., [200-205]

FINE-DISPERSED SPRINKLING EFFICIENCY FOR CONTROL

THE MICRO- AND PHYTOCLIMATE OF FIELD CROPS AND

SOIL BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

The aim of the research is to study the optimization of the system “soil–plant–

atmosphere” using fine-dispersed sprinkling at sod-podzol and chernozem soils of Russia un-

der the growing of legumes, fodder beet, and sorghum. It was marked that the temperature of

surface air at the sites occupied by field crops (potato, root, perennial legume herbs) under

ecologically friendly fine-dispersed sprinkling was lower by 2-5 °С than without irrigation.

This fact has a great impact on the conservation of soil moisture and photosynthesis process

of the crops. It was established, that the key index of micro- and phytoclimate – humidity of

surface air – increased by 12-24 % under fine-dispersed sprinkling affecting on the survivabil-

ity of flowers in the flowering phase of crops (potato, root, perennial legume herbs) and con-

sequently on their productivity. Data processing indicates the significant impact of ecological-

ly friendly fine-dispersed sprinkling on soil fertility and elimination of erosion processes. The

small drops of fine-dispersed water (300-600 microns in diameter) are consumed by plant

stoma and the runoff of drop on the soil surface practically is absent, while at the convention-

al sprinkling drops trickle down from a leaf if the drop diameter more than 1 mm (1000 mi-

cron), which leads to erosion. Formation, growth, and preservation of tubercles directly de-

pend on the sustainability of the indices of micro- and phytoclimate, especially in the periods

of dramatic temperature difference in the system “soil–plant–atmosphere” during the vegeta-

tion. The experiment results confirm that the parameters of fine-dispersed sprinkling such as

diameter of the drops of dispersed water, intervals between waterings, and irrigation rate

0.6-0.8 m³/ha create favorable water-air conditions for growth and development of crops.

Keywords: irrigation, microclimate, phytoclimate, system “soil–plant–atmosphere”,

fine-dispersed sprinkling, photosynthesis, legume crops, fodder beet, sorghum, parameters of

sprinkling, temperature drop.

Одним из экологически безопасных способов полива и стабилизато-

ров микро- и фитоклимата в периоды посева, посадки и развития полевых,

технических и бобовых культур является мелкодисперсное дождевание

(МДД) [1, 2].

У бобовых культур (люцерна хмелевидная, клевер белый, козлятник

восточный, козлятник лекарственный, люцерна желтая) процессы азотфик-

сации в почве тесно связаны с фотосинтезом, который в свою очередь за-

висит от влаго- и теплообеспеченности [3].

Как видно из рисунка 1, температура приземного слоя воздуха на по-

левых культурах (картофель, корнеплоды, многолетние бобовые травы)

при экологически безопасном мелкодисперсном дождевании (МДД)

на 2-5 °С ниже, чем без полива, что значительно влияет на сохранность

почвенной влаги и процессы фотосинтеза растений.

Элек ронная Научная СельскоХозяйственная Библиотека