ЭлБиб

отводилось степени развития генеративных органов и семенной продуктивности. Из семейства

бобовых важнейшим объектом обследования и сбора стали генетические ресурсы клевера лу-

гового. Культурные формы этого вида далеко ушли от дикорастущих родичей по интенсивно-

сти ростовых процессов, однако существенно уступают им по устойчивости к неблагоприятным

факторам внешней среды. Поэтому основная задача состояла в поиске форм с оптимальным со-

четанием ростовых процессов в условиях лугового ценоза, долголетия и экологической устойчи-

вости. Образец чины клубненосной

(Lathýrus tuberósus

L.) с высокой продуктивностью зеленой

массы и семян перспективен для интродукции.

Ключевые слова:

кормовые растения; дикорастущие генетические ресурсы; аборигенные формы;

селекция; интродукция

Investigation of natural genetic resources is very important task for intensification the breeding of

cultivated forage crops. Any kind of selection, including domestication, means selection andmultiplication

of a very limited amount of genotypes that often causes the effect of the bottle neck. This effect is related

to reduction of genetic heterogeneity of cultivated populations, and, consequently, to changes in the

relative and absolute frequencies of alleles, responsible for environmental adaptation. The expeditions

on studying the ecotypes diversity of wild forage crops with subsequent incorporation in the breeding

process are carried out in the All-Russian Williams Fodder Research Institute annually. The main aim

is creation of a broad working collection of alleles for natural ecotypes. In 2014 we have inspected and

collected the genetic resources of wild forage crops and their relatives in Nizhny Novgorod region. This

area characterized by agro-climatic conditions, which are very similar to the Moscow region. That’s why

we expected to find here promising forms of wild forage crops for plant introduction and breeding.

Particular attention was devoted to neglected fields, natural meadows and pastures, flood plains, sandy

gravel soils, i.e. the places of plants species and ecotypes differentiation. The expedition route length

was 1008 km. Total 183 native wild genetic samples have been collected, that were the representatives

of 34 forage crops species. Cocksfoot is one of the most widespread species among forage gramineous

grasses. At selection of the promising samples we paid a special attention to the development of their

generative organs as well as seed productivity. Among the legumes species the genetic resources of red

clover were the most important object of inspection and collection. Cultivated forms of this specie are

differs from the wild relatives by high intensity of growth processes, but have low level of resistance to not

favorable environmental factors. Therefore, the main task during expedition was a search the forms of red

clover with optimal combination of growth processes under conditions of meadow cenosis, longevity and

environmental sustainability. The sample of tuberous pea

(Lathýrus tuberósus

L.) with high productivity

of green mass and seeds was selected as perspective form for introduction.

Key words:

forage plants; wild genetic resources; native plant forms; plant breeding; introduction

Введение

Территория Российской Федерации обладает

огромным (около 18 тыс. видов) разнообразием

дикорастущих травянистых растений [1]. Это раз-

нообразие сформировалось в течение многих мил-

лионов лет как результат дивергентной эволюции

на базе спонтанных мутаций и рекомбинаций

при наличии эколого-географического градиен-

та [2]. Фенотипически это выражается в богатей-

шем внутривидовом разнообразии – совокупно-

сти подвидов, географических (климатических),

эдафических, фитоценотических экотипов и

Электронная Научная СельскоХозяйственная Библиотека