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298 under a system of barter a rational distribution of the land among the various branches; of production is attained. ■ ; The combination of the productive . branches, as the otherf side of the organisation of agriculture, is also regulated by thes principle of substitution which reduces the costs of agricultural production to the possible minimum. At the same time the deciding conditions consist in the market situation of the respective localities, in their natural conditions, and in the technical conditions of integration of the agricultural branches; The geography of the natural conditions in North America as a factor towards the localization of agricultural production. The factors of integration of agricultural branches. The complex and combined character of agriculture in the United States as illu­ strating the effect of these factors. General deductions in regard to the localization of agriculture as exemplifief in North America. . Chapter 9. The Problem of the Dynamics of Agriculture. ■ The dynamic problem in agricultural economics as distin- guisched from the purely geographical. The relation of this distinction to the political-economic division of statics and dy^ namics. The defects of the statical conception in modern eco­ nomic theory. The conception of the static equilibrium has no re a l. significance, The economic equilibrium should de taken as an unsteady one, both dynamic and statistic. The prin- ' ciples'of economic theory relate either to a moment of .time or to a .period of time. The former are eliminated from the dyna­ mic problem, establishing the*quantitative connection and reci­ procal relations of the elements of economy. In agricultural ^ economics the geographical conception is of particular signifi- i cance in this respect, The latter establishes the character of the economic dynamics. Types of dynamic processes. The process of evolution, and the conjuncture cycles. The connec­ tion between agriculture and conjuncture cycles. The urgent nature of the problem of evolution in agricultural econoniics. The a p r i 0 r i deductive character of modern agricultural eco­ nomics. The usual indentificatlon of the evolution of agriculture .with its geography is erroneous, as it ignores some of the factors of economic dynamics. It^ is wring to predetermine a p г i о r i the trend of agricultural evolution, considering it as the simple reflection of agricultural geography. . , Chapter 10..- General Characteristics of the Evolution, of • Agriculture in the United States. . The evolution of the basis conditions and elements in the agriculture of the United States. The growth of the population ; and its industrialisation. The growth of the land area and the Электронная Научная СельскоХозяйственная Библиотека