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294 demonstrate the geographical peculiarities and dinstetions in the organisation of,agriculture. ■ • The defect of, these methods consists in that they confine themselves solely to natural and technical indexes, permitting of no precise mensuration and commensuration of the elements and’branches of agricultural production. C h a p ters. Statistical Foundations of Agricultural Geography. . The concept of the agricultural type. The localization and form of agricultural production. In order to establish the geo­ graphical type of agricultural production it is necessary to make- use of definite criterions revealing the most fully the organisa­ tion of agricultural production. The natural and technical inde­ xes suggested both by Engelbrecht and Tschelintzev, while afforditig a good delineation of the technical structure of agri­ cultural production, are inadequate for a complete and, precise analysis 6f the mutual relations and interdependence of the elements and branches of agricultural production. For this pur­ pose, it is necessary to get the expression of the elements of agticulture in terms of value (price). To agricultural geography the fundamental economic and statistical category consists in the gross agricultural income, taken as the total production of crops and cattle-raising (without subtraction of fodder, seeds etc.). With the aid of this category it is possible to measure statistically aU the basic criterions of the geographical types of agricultural production. The structure of the gross income indicates fairly accurately the correlations between the branches of agricultural production. Knowing the commodity portion of the gross income it is possible to establish the size and cha­ racter of the marketability of the agriculture of each locality. Finally, with the aid of the gross income, taken in ratio per acre of the farm area, if is possible to commensurate also the intensity of agriculture, since upon the large aggregates of farms, such as the geographical types are, there is always a high Correlation between expenses and receipts. Along with assessing the value in agricultural geography it-is necessary also to assess the technical aspect of agricultural: production, since the value and technical makerup of the expen­ ses is inadequate as a criterion. This inadequacy is of parti­ cular significance in regard to the problem of intensity. Empi­ rical illustrations from the agricultural economy of the United States, Switzerland and European Russia; iCombination of the expenses in the sense of value (intensity)^ arid in the technical Sense (physical capacity). The distinction thus drawn is of great importance to the statistical methods of agricultural geography.;-:-;'" Электронная Научная СельскоХозяйственная Библиотека